International Journal of Medical Studies
ISSN: 2542-2766 International Journal of Medical Studies publishes original research, reviews and case studies on all areas of Medical Studies/Science & Advanced Science. The journal is intended as a medium for communication and discussion of important issues that concern science and scientific activities. Besides full-length research articles and shorter research communications, the journal publishes review articles, scientific correspondence and commentaries, news and views, comments on recently published research papers, opinions on scientific activity, articles on universities, laboratories and institutions, interviews with scientists, personal information, book reviews, etc. It is also a forum to discuss issues and problems faced by science and scientists and an effective medium of interaction among scientists in the country and abroad. Peer-review. The journal uses double-blind peer review (neither the authors nor the reviewers know the identity of each other) to avoid bias. International Journal of Medical Studies with the Committee on Publication Ethics Guidelines for Peer Reviewers which provides a comprehensive guide to the ethics of peer review. Journal policies. The journal provides its’ policies, which include detailed information about submission, editorial and publishing processes and guidelines for authors and reviewers. All parties are being introduced with their rights and responsibilities to ensure smooth and ethical publishing process. Fees and Charges. The journal operates as open access journal, the publishing process is covered by Article Publication Charges (APCs). Publication schedule. The journal publishes articles online under CC-BY licence 4.0 within six weeks after acceptance as continuous publication to avoid any delays. Copyright. Individual articles are published Open Access under the Creative Commons Licence: CC-BY Long-term archiving policy. Journal deposits the articles that it publishes in digital archives Portico, CLOCKSS, LOCKSS to guarantee long-term digital preservation. Portico is among the largest community-supported digital archives in the world. CLOCKSS (Controlled LOCKSS) is a not-for-profit joint venture between the world’s leading academic publishers and research libraries whose mission is to build a sustainable, geographically distributed dark archive with which to ensure the long-term survival of Web-based scholarly publications for the benefit of the greater global research community. The LOCKSS Program is an open-source, library-led digital preservation system built on the principle that “lots of copies keep stuff safe.” Disclaimers. International Journal of Medical Studies make every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the "Content") contained in our publications. However, Journal, our agents, and our licensors make no representations or warranties whatsoever as to the accuracy, completeness, or suitability for any purpose of the Content. Any opinions and views expressed in this publication are the opinions and views of the authors and are not the views of or endorsed by Journal. The accuracy of the Content should not be relied upon and should be independently verified with primary sources of information. International Journal of Medical Studies shall not be liable for any losses, actions, claims, proceedings, demands, costs, expenses, damages, and other liabilities whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with, in relation to, or arising out of the use of the Content. The journal is published by International Journal of Medical Studies comply with the Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing at all stages of the publication process.
To formulate and evaluate the nature’s remedy for clear skin using herbal anti-acne gel of Azadhirachta indica
Natural plant-based medications are prized for their efficacy, affordability, and safety. Because of its antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and restorative qualities, neem (Azadirachta indica) is used extensively in traditional medicine. Excess oil, clogged pores, bacteria, and inflammation are the main causes of acne vulgaris. By lowering bacteria and calming the skin, herbal components like neem and marigold aid in the fight against acne. Nimbolide and quercetin, two active ingredients in the anti-acne gel, suppress the Cutibacterium acnes bacteria that causes acne, lessen inflammation, and stop recurrence. To guarantee a smooth texture, good spreadability, hydration, and improved absorption, the formulation also contains propylene glycol, glycerine, and Carbopol 940. All things considered, neem-based herbal gel is a promising option for managing acne since it is a gentle, safe, and efficient substitute for synthetic acne treatments.
Copyright (c) 2026 International Journal of Medical Studies https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Design and evaluation of a polyfunctional serum using raw Carica papaya extracts for enhancing skin rejuvenation
Growing awareness regarding the harmful effects of synthetic cosmetic ingredients has increased the demand for herbal and naturally derived skincare products. The present research work aims to formulate and evaluate a polyfunctional herbal face serum using raw Carica papaya extract with a focus on improving skin rejuvenation and overall skin health. Carica papaya is a medicinally important plant rich in bioactive constituents such as papain, flavonoids, carotenoids, phenolic compounds, and vitamins A, C, and E, which are known to possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, exfoliating, and skin-enhancing properties. In this study, a polyfunctional serum was developed using an emulsion-based formulation incorporating Carica papaya extract along with selected herbal ingredients to provide multiple skincare benefits such as hydration, anti-ageing effects, acne control, and improvement of skin tone and texture. The formulated serum was evaluated for various quality and physicochemical parameters, including organoleptic properties, pH, texture, washability, thermal stability, and skin irritation to ensure its safety, stability, and effectiveness. The results of the evaluation demonstrated that the prepared serum exhibited satisfactory physicochemical characteristics, good stability under different conditions, smooth texture, and was non-irritating to the skin. The findings indicate that the incorporation of raw Carica papaya extract significantly enhances the skin-rejuvenating potential of the formulation. Hence, the developed polyfunctional herbal serum can be considered a safe, effective, and economical alternative to synthetic cosmetic formulations, with promising scope in herbal cosmeceutical applications.
A review on mental health and methods of mental calmness
Mental health is a vital component of overall well-being, influencing emotional, psychological, and social functioning. Increasing stress, lifestyle changes, and technological overload have contributed to rising mental health disorders globally. Achieving mental calmness is essential for maintaining balance and preventing mental illnesses. This review explores the concept of mental health, factors affecting it, and various evidence-based methods to achieve mental calmness, including mindfulness, yoga, meditation, physical activity, and cognitive approaches.
Impact of climate change on vegetation diversity in gandhi sagar wildlife sanctuary (Madhya Pradesh)
Gandhi Sagar Wildlife Sanctuary, located along the border of Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan, encompasses diverse dry deciduous forests, grasslands and aquatic edge habitats. This study analyses how climate change (notably rising temperatures, altered rainfall patterns and increased dry spells) is affecting plant diversity within the sanctuary. Specifically, the research shows shifts in species composition, reduced regeneration of native tree and grass species, rise of invasive plants, and noticeable declines in medicinal-plant groups. Findings highlight that without adaptive management and stakeholder engagement; the plant diversity of the sanctuary is likely to degrade further.
A review on the antihypertensive potential of Cina rose (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis)
Hypertension is a major global health concern associated with cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Herbal medicines are increasingly explored as safer alternatives or adjunct therapies. Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (China rose), a widely used medicinal plant, has demonstrated significant pharmacological activities, including antihypertensive effects. This review summarizes the phytochemistry, mechanisms, and experimental evidence supporting the antihypertensive activity of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis. The plant exhibits vasorelaxant, antioxidant, diuretic, and cardioprotective properties, making it a promising candidate for natural blood pressure management.
Yoga for healthy joints: A comprehensive review
Joint health is essential for mobility, physical function, and overall quality of life. Joint-related disorders such as osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and musculoskeletal pain are increasingly prevalent due to aging, sedentary lifestyles, and obesity. Yoga, an ancient mind-body practice, has gained attention as a complementary therapy for maintaining joint health. This review explores the effects of yoga on joint mobility, flexibility, pain reduction, and inflammation, along with underlying mechanisms and clinical evidence supporting its therapeutic benefits.
Formulation and evaluation of microspheres loaded with herbal extract of Bacopa monnieri (brahmi)
Herbal drug delivery systems have gained significant attention due to their improved therapeutic efficacy and reduced side effects. Bacopa monnieri (Brahmi) is a well-known Ayurvedic herb with neuroprotective and cognitive-enhancing properties attributed to bacosides. However, poor bioavailability limits its clinical potential. The present study focuses on the formulation and evaluation of microspheres containing Bacopa monnieri extract to enhance drug stability, controlled release, and bioavailability. Microspheres were prepared using the solvent evaporation technique with polymers such as ethyl cellulose and sodium alginate. The prepared microspheres were evaluated for particle size, entrapment efficiency, in vitro drug release, and stability. Results indicate that microsphere formulation significantly improves sustained drug release and may enhance therapeutic effectiveness.
Artificial intelligence in recent medical advancements: A comprehensive review
Artificial Intelligence (AI) has rapidly transformed modern healthcare by improving diagnostic accuracy, enhancing treatment planning, and optimizing healthcare delivery systems. Recent advancements, particularly in machine learning, deep learning, and generative AI, have enabled the integration of complex medical data for clinical decision-making. This review summarizes the latest developments in AI applications across medical domains, including diagnostics, drug discovery, personalized medicine, robotic surgery, and healthcare management. It also highlights key challenges such as ethical concerns, data privacy, and model reliability, along with future directions for AI-driven healthcare systems
A review on bacterial resistance and the emergence of superbugs
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has emerged as one of the most critical global public health threats of the 21st century. Bacterial resistance to antibiotics has led to the development of multidrug-resistant organisms, commonly referred to as “superbugs,” which significantly compromise the effectiveness of existing antimicrobial therapies. This review examines the mechanisms of bacterial resistance, the major superbugs of clinical importance, contributing factors to resistance development, health and economic impacts, and current strategies for prevention and control. Understanding bacterial resistance is essential for guiding rational antibiotic use, strengthening infection control measures, and promoting global antimicrobial stewardship.
Copyright (c) 2024 International Journal of Medical Studies https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Usage of chemical dentifrices — ingredients, efficacy, and health implications
Chemical dentifrices (toothpastes) are widely used globally to remove dental plaque, prevent caries, and maintain oral hygiene. This review examines the chemical constituents of dentifrice formulations, their roles, mechanisms of action, and potential adverse effects on systemic and oral health. While dentifrices contribute positively to oral health, concerns exist regarding some synthetic components and their long-term impact.
Moringa (Moringa oleifera): A comprehensive review of its role as a superfood
Moringa oleifera, often termed the “miracle tree” or superfood, is a multipurpose plant valued for its exceptional nutritional profile and diverse biological activities. Native to the Indian subcontinent and tropical regions, all parts of the plant—leaves, pods, seeds, flowers, and roots—are consumed as food or used in traditional medicine. Modern research highlights moringa’s rich array of phytochemicals, essential vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants, supporting its potential in nutritional supplementation and disease prevention. This review discusses moringa’s nutritional composition, medicinal properties, mechanisms of action, safety considerations, and applications in contemporary diets and healthcare.
Nutritional Supplementation and Disease Prevention
Snake plant (Dracaena trifasciata) as a folklore medicine: An ethnobotanical and pharmacological review
The snake plant (Dracaena trifasciata), formerly known as Sansevieria trifasciata, is a perennial evergreen plant widely distributed across tropical and subtropical regions. Traditionally valued as an ornamental and air-purifying plant, it also holds significant importance in folklore medicine across Africa, Asia, and parts of the Americas. Indigenous communities have long used various parts of the plant for the treatment of ailments such as inflammation, infections, wounds, respiratory disorders, gastrointestinal disturbances, and snakebites. Recent scientific investigations have begun to validate many of these traditional claims, revealing the presence of bioactive phytochemicals including saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, glycosides, and phenolic compounds. This review provides a comprehensive account of the botanical characteristics, ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemical composition, and pharmacological activities of the snake plant, highlighting its potential as a source of novel therapeutic agents.
A comprehensive review on the medicinal properties and phytochemicals of blueberries (vaccinium spp.)
Blueberries (Vaccinium spp.) are nutrient-dense fruits widely recognized for their exceptional health-promoting properties. Rich in bioactive phytochemicals, particularly anthocyanins and other polyphenols, blueberries exhibit strong antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective, neuroprotective, antidiabetic, and anticancer activities. The growing interest in functional foods and nutraceuticals has intensified scientific research into blueberries as a natural therapeutic agent. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the botanical background, phytochemical composition, and medicinal properties of blueberries, with emphasis on their role in disease prevention and health promotion. The review also highlights recent findings from experimental and clinical studies, supporting the inclusion of blueberries in a healthy diet.
A review on the role of the physiotherapist in cardiovascular and respiratory management
Physiotherapy plays a vital role in the prevention, management, and rehabilitation of cardiovascular and respiratory disorders. Cardiopulmonary physiotherapy focuses on improving functional capacity, enhancing ventilation, promoting airway clearance, and optimizing cardiovascular efficiency. With the increasing global burden of cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, physiotherapists are integral members of the multidisciplinary healthcare team across acute, critical, and community care settings. This review highlights the scope, assessment strategies, therapeutic interventions, and outcomes associated with physiotherapeutic management in cardiovascular and respiratory conditions.
Menstrual hygiene management (MHM) is an essential aspect of women’s reproductive health, dignity, and well-being. Poor menstrual hygiene is associated with reproductive tract infections, school absenteeism, psychosocial stress, and reduced economic productivity. This systematic review synthesizes current evidence on menstrual hygiene practices, determinants, health outcomes, barriers to safe management, and intervention strategies globally. Findings indicate that socio-cultural taboos, limited access to affordable sanitary products, inadequate sanitation facilities, and lack of education significantly impact menstrual hygiene practices, especially in low- and middle-income countries. Interventions focusing on education, provision of menstrual products, and improved water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) infrastructure show promising improvements. However, evidence gaps persist regarding long-term health effects and effective scalable models.
Antimalarial and antiprotozoal possibilities of neem (Azadirachta indica): A review
Neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss), a medicinal tree widely used in traditional systems of medicine, possesses a broad spectrum of pharmacological properties, including antimalarial and antiprotozoal activities. The emergence of drug-resistant malaria and protozoal infections has renewed interest in plant-based therapeutics. Various parts of neem—leaves, bark, seeds, and oil—contain bioactive compounds such as limonoids, flavonoids, alkaloids, and terpenoids, which exhibit inhibitory effects against Plasmodium and other protozoan parasites. This review summarizes the phytochemical composition of neem, its antimalarial and antiprotozoal mechanisms, experimental and clinical evidence, and its potential role in future antiparasitic drug development.
A review on different plasticizers used in the pharmaceutical industry
Plasticizers are vital pharmaceutical excipients widely employed to improve the flexibility, elasticity, and mechanical strength of polymer-based dosage forms. They play a significant role in the formulation of tablet coatings, capsule shells, oral films, transdermal patches, and controlled drug delivery systems. Plasticizers function by reducing intermolecular forces within polymer chains, thereby lowering the glass transition temperature and enhancing polymer mobility. This review discusses the classification, mechanism of action, commonly used plasticizers, their applications in pharmaceutical formulations, advantages, limitations, and safety considerations. Emphasis is placed on regulatory-approved plasticizers and emerging safer alternatives to traditional compounds. Understanding plasticizer selection is essential for developing stable, effective, and patient-compliant pharmaceutical products.
A detailed review on erythroblastosis fetalis
Erythroblastosis fetalis, also known as hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDFN), is a potentially life-threatening condition caused by immune-mediated destruction of fetal red blood cells by maternal antibodies. It most commonly results from Rh incompatibility between an Rh-negative mother and an Rh-positive fetus, although ABO incompatibility and other minor blood group antigens may also be involved. The disease ranges in severity from mild neonatal jaundice to severe anemia, hydrops fetalis, and intrauterine fetal death. Advances in immunoprophylaxis, antenatal screening, and neonatal management have significantly reduced the incidence and mortality associated with this condition. This review discusses the etiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, management, prevention, and prognosis of erythroblastosis fetalis.
Nursing management: A comprehensive review
Nursing management plays a pivotal role in ensuring high-quality patient care, optimal use of resources, and professional development of nursing staff. With the increasing complexity of healthcare systems, nurse managers are required to balance clinical excellence, administrative efficiency, leadership, and ethical responsibilities. This review article explores the concept of nursing management, its core functions, leadership styles, challenges, and future directions, highlighting its importance in achieving safe, effective, and patient-centered care.
A comprehensive review on artemisia annua linn.: Ethnobotany, phytochemistry, and pharmacological potential
Artemisia annua Linn., commonly known as sweet wormwood or Qinghao, is an annual medicinal herb belonging to the family Asteraceae. It has been traditionally used for centuries, particularly in Chinese and Asian systems of medicine, for the treatment of fever and malaria. The discovery of artemisinin from A. annua marked a major breakthrough in antimalarial therapy and established the plant’s global medicinal importance. In addition to its antimalarial activity, the plant exhibits a wide range of pharmacological properties including antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, and immunomodulatory effects. These activities are attributed to its rich phytochemical profile, comprising sesquiterpene lactones, flavonoids, terpenoids, phenolic compounds, and essential oils. This review provides a comprehensive account of the botany, ethnobotanical uses, phytochemistry, pharmacological activities, and therapeutic potential of Artemisia annua Linn., highlighting its role as a bridge between traditional medicine and modern pharmacology.
Review report on MRI usage and complications
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a cornerstone of modern diagnostic imaging, offering high-resolution visualization of soft tissues without the use of ionizing radiation. Its wide clinical applicability spans multiple specialties including neurology, orthopedics, cardiology, and oncology. Despite its overall safety profile, MRI is associated with specific risks related to strong magnetic fields, radiofrequency energy, acoustic noise, and the use of gadolinium-based contrast agents. This review aims to provide a concise overview of the principles and clinical usage of MRI, while highlighting potential complications and safety concerns. Magnetic field–related hazards such as projectile effects and implant malfunction, radiofrequency-induced heating and burns, contrast-related adverse reactions including nephrogenic systemic fibrosis, and psychological effects like claustrophobia are discussed. Emphasis is placed on contraindications, patient screening, and preventive safety measures to minimize adverse events. A clear understanding of MRI-related risks and adherence to established safety protocols are essential to ensure optimal diagnostic outcomes and patient safety.
A review on the bhringraj: Possibilities as herbal toothpaste for antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties
Bhringraj (Eclipta alba Linn.), a well-known medicinal herb in traditional Ayurvedic medicine, has been extensively used for its therapeutic properties, including antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects. Oral diseases such as dental caries, gingivitis, and periodontitis are primarily caused by microbial infections and inflammatory responses, highlighting the need for safe and effective oral care products. Herbal toothpastes have gained increasing attention as alternatives to synthetic formulations due to their lower side effects and better biocompatibility. This review aims to evaluate the potential of Bhringraj as a key herbal ingredient in toothpaste formulations, focusing on its antimicrobial activity against oral pathogens and its anti-inflammatory properties beneficial for maintaining oral health. Available scientific literature indicates that bioactive compounds present in Bhringraj, such as wedelolactone, flavonoids, and alkaloids, contribute significantly to its pharmacological actions. The findings suggest that Bhringraj possesses promising potential as a natural, effective, and safe component in herbal toothpaste formulations for the prevention and management of oral infections and inflammation. Further clinical and formulation-based studies are recommended to validate its efficacy and optimize its use in oral healthcare products.
To formulate an anti-inflammatory and analgesic topical herbal cream incorporating the ethanolic extract of Piper chaba and assess its phytochemical composition and therapeutic efficacy
Piper chaba and related species contain alkaloids like piperine and chabamides, which have analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. By blocking pro-inflammatory substances like nitric oxide, IL-6, and COX-2, these substances lessen inflammation, frequently by activating the heme-oxygenase-1 pathway. Additionally, piperine reduces inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α and IL-1β via modifying the IκB-α/NF-κB signalling pathway. Piperine-rich extracts have demonstrated notable pain reduction in animal models that is equivalent to common medications like ibuprofen and diclofenac. Analgesic effects are associated with activation of the TRPV1 receptor, which contributes to pain alleviation. Chabamide and piperine have long been used to treat pain and inflammation because they both lessen pain characteristics like writhing and tail-flick reactions. Piperine-rich extract-containing topical formulations have shown good skin compatibility and anti-inflammatory action, indicating the possibility of safe and efficient topical treatments.
Rabies is a fatal viral zoonotic disease caused by the Rabies lyssavirus, primarily transmitted through the bite of infected animals. It affects the central nervous system (CNS), leading to encephalitis and death if untreated. This review covers the epidemiology, transmission, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, management, and complications associated with rabies. Understanding the disease is critical for prevention, timely treatment, and reducing mortality.
Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal of Medical Studies https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The opioid crisis refers to the widespread misuse of prescription and illicit opioids, leading to addiction, overdose, and death. It is a major public health issue affecting millions globally, particularly in the United States. This review discusses the causes, epidemiology, types of opioids, health and social consequences, and strategies for prevention and treatment. Understanding the opioid crisis is critical for implementing effective public health policies and reducing its impact on society.
The Benefits of Physical Activity for Mental Well-Being
Physical activity is essential not only for physical health but also for mental and emotional well-being. Regular exercise has been shown to reduce stress, anxiety, and depressive symptoms while improving mood, cognitive function, sleep quality, self-esteem, and resilience. Additionally, group and social forms of exercise promote interpersonal connections, reducing feelings of isolation. This review highlights the key mental health benefits of physical activity and emphasizes the importance of integrating exercise into daily routines to support psychological wellness.
Multiple drug resistance (MDR) is a growing global health concern where microorganisms or cancer cells develop resistance to two or more antimicrobial or chemotherapeutic drugs. MDR significantly complicates treatment, increases healthcare costs, and contributes to higher morbidity and mortality rates. This review discusses the causes, mechanisms, clinical implications, and strategies to manage and prevent multiple drug resistance. Understanding MDR is crucial for effective patient care, rational drug use, and the development of new therapeutic interventions.
Antibiotic Usage in the Treatment of Tuberculosis: A Review
Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and remains a major global public health problem. Antibiotic therapy is the cornerstone of TB management and requires prolonged, combination-based treatment to achieve cure and prevent drug resistance. This review discusses the classification of anti-tubercular antibiotics, standard treatment regimens for drug-susceptible and drug-resistant TB, mechanisms of action, challenges in antibiotic usage, and the importance of adherence to therapy. Effective antibiotic use is essential to control TB and reduce morbidity and mortality.
Understanding the Gut’s Role in Overall Health
The human gut is a central organ in maintaining overall health. Beyond digestion, it is involved in immune function, metabolism, hormone regulation, and even mental health through the gut-brain axis. The gut microbiota, a diverse community of microorganisms, plays a crucial role in nutrient absorption, protection against pathogens, and modulation of inflammation. Disruption of gut health, or dysbiosis, has been linked to obesity, diabetes, autoimmune disorders, and mental health issues. This review explores the gut’s functions, the importance of gut microbiota, factors affecting gut health, and strategies to maintain a healthy gastrointestinal system.
Brain-Eating Bacteria (Naegleria fowleri): A Review
Naegleria fowleri, commonly referred to as the “brain-eating amoeba,” is a free-living protozoan found in warm freshwater and soil. Although extremely rare, it can invade the central nervous system (CNS) via the nasal passages, causing primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM)—a rapidly progressing and often fatal disease. This review explores the biology, epidemiology, clinical features, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, and preventive measures associated with N. fowleri, highlighting the importance of public awareness and research for managing this lethal pathogen.